Notification

PhysicalGeography:

GEOGRAPHYPAPERI

PRINCIPLESOF GEOGRAPHY

1. GEOMORPHOLOGY :Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic and exogenetic forces;Origin and evolution of the earth’s crusts; Fundamentals of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth’sinterior;Geosynclines;Continentaldrift;Isostasy;Platetectonics;Recentviewsonmountainbuilding;Volcanicity;EarthquakesandTsunamis;ConceptsofgeomorphiccyclesandLandscapedevelopment;Denudationchronology;Channelmorphology;Erosion surfaces; Slope development; AppliedGeomorphology;Geomorphology,economicgeologyandenvironment.
2. Climatology : Temperature and pressure belts of the world; Heat budget of the earth; Atmosphericcirculation; Atmospheric stability and instability. Planetary and local winds; Monsoons and jet streams; Airmasses and fronto; Temperate and tropical cyclones; Types and distribution of precipitation; Weather andClimate;Koppen’sThornthwaite’sandTrewarTha’sclassification of  world  climate;  Hydrological  cycle;Global climatic change, and roleand response of man in climatic changes Applied climatology and Urbanclimate.
3. Oceanography:BottomtopographyoftheAtlantic,IndianandPacificOceans;Temperatureandsalinity of the oceans; Heat and salt budgets, Ocean deposits; Waves, currents and tides; Marine resources;biotic,mineralandenergyresources;Coralreefscoralbleaching;Sea-levelchanges;Lawof the  sea 
4. Biogeography:Genesisofsoils;Classificationanddistribution ofsoils;Soil profile;Soilerosion,Degrada-tion and conservation; Factors influencing world distribution ofplants and animals; Problems ofdeforestationandconservationmeasures;Socialforestry,agro-forestry;Wildlife;Majorgenepoolcentres.
5. Environmental Geography : Principle ecology; Human ecological adaptations; Influence of man onecologyandenvironment;Globalandregionalecologicalchangesandimbalances;Ecosystemtheirmanagementandconservation;Environmental degradation,  management  and  conservation;  Biodiversityandsustainabledevelopment;Environmentalpolicy;Environmentalhazardsandremedialmeasures;Environmentaleducationandlegislation.

HumanGeography:

1. Perspectives in Human Geography :Areal differentiation; Regional synthesis; Dichotomy anddualism; Environmentalism; Quantitative revolution and locational analysis; Radical, behavioural, humanand welfare approaches; Languages, religions and secularisation; Cultural regions of the world; Humandevelopmentindix.
2. Economic Geography : World economic development: measurement and problems; World resourcesand their distribution; Energy crisis; the limits to growth; World agriculture: typology of agricultural regions;Agriculturalinputsandproductivity;Foodandnutritionsproblems;Foodsecurity;famine:causes,effectsandremedies;Worldindustries:locationpatternsandproblems;Patternsofworldtrade.
3. PopulationandSettlementGeography:Growth and distribution of world population;Demographic attributes;  Causes               and consequences   of  migration;   Concepts   of  over-under-andoptimumpopulation;Populationtheories,worldpopulationproblemsandpolicies,Socialwell-beingand

qualityoflife;Populationassocialcapital.

Typesandpatternsofruralsettlements;Environmentalissuesinrural  settlements;  Hierarchy  ofurban settlements;Urban morphology; Conceptofprimate  city  and  rank-size  rule;  Functional classificationoftowns;Sphereofurbaninfluence;Rural-urbanfringe;Satellitetowns;Problemsandremediesofurbanization;Sustainabledevelopmentofcities.

4. regional Planning : Concept of a region; Types of regions and methods of regionalisation; Growthcentres and growth poles; Regional imbalances; Regional development strategies; Environmental issues inregionalplanning;Planningforsustainabledevelopment.
5. Models,TheoriesandLawsinHumanGeography:SystemanalysisinHuman geography;Malthusian,Marxianand demographictransitionmodels;Central PlacetheoriesofChristallerandLosch;Perroux and Boudeville; Von Thunen’s model of agricultural location; Weber’s model of industrial location;Ostov’smodel of stages of growth. Heart-land and Rimland theories; Laws of international boundaries andfrontiers.

PAPERIIGEOGRAPHYOFINDIA

1. PhysicalSetting:Space relationship of India with neighbouring countries; Structure and relief;Drainagesystemandwatersheds;Physiographicregions;MechanismofIndianmonsoons and  rainfallpatterns;Tropicalcyclonesandwesterndisturbances;Floodsanddroughts;Climaticregions;Naturalvegetation,Soiltypesandtheirdistributions.
2. Resources : Land, surface and ground water, energy, minerals, biotic and marine resources, Forestandwildliferesourcesandtheirconservation;Energycrisis.
3. Agriculture:Infrastructure:irrigation,seeds,fertilizers,power;Institutionalfactors;landholdings,land tenureandland reforms; Croppingpattern, agricultural productivity,agricultural intensity, cropcombination,landcapability;Agroandsocial-forestry;Greenrevolutionanditssocio-economicandecological implications; Significance of dry farming; Livestock resources and white revolution; Aqua-culture;Sericulture,Agricultureandpoultry;Agriculturalregionalisation;Agro-climaticzones;Agro-ecologicalregions.
4. Industry:Evolutionofindustries;Locationalfactorsofcotton,jute,textile,ironandsteel,aluminium, fertiliser, paper, chemical and pharmaceutical, automobile, cottage and ago-based industries;Industrialhousesandcomplexesincludingpublicsectorunderkings;Industrialregionalisation;Newindustrialpolicy;Multinationalsandliberalisation;SpecialEconomicZones;Tourismincludingecotourism.
5. Transport, Communication and Trade : Road, railway, waterway, airway and pipeline net worksand their complementary roles in regional development; Growing importance of ports on national and foreigntrade;Tradebalance;TradePolicy;Exportprocessingzones;Developmentsincommunicationandinformationtechnologyandtheirimpactsoneconomyandsociety;Indianspaceprogramme.
6. Cultural Setting : Historical Perspective of Indian Society; Racial linguistic andethnic diversities;religious minorities;  Major tribes,  tribal areas  and their  problems; Cultural  regions; Growth, distributionanddensityofpopulation;Demographicattributes:sex-ratio,agestructure,literacyrate,work-force,dependencyratio,longevity;migration(inter-regional,interaregionalandinternational)andassociatedproblems;Populationproblemsandpolicies;Healthindicators.
7. Settlements:Types,patternsandmorphologyofruralsettlements;Urbandevelopments;MorphologyofIndiancities;FunctionalclassificationofIndiancities;Conurbationsandmetropolitanregions; Urban sprawl; Slums and asssociated problems; Town planning; Problems of urbanisation andremedies.
8. RegionalDevelopmentandPlanning:Experience of regional planningin India; Five Year Plans;Integratedruraldevelopmentprogrammes;PanchayatiRajanddecentralisedplanning;Commandareadevelopment; Watershedmanagement; Planning for backward area, desert,drought-prone, hilltribal areadevelopment;Multi-levelplanning;Regionalplanninganddevelopmentofislandterritories.
9. Political Aspects : Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State reorganisation;Emergence of newstates;Regionalconsciousnessandinter-stateissues;InternationalboundaryofIndiaand relatedissues;Cross-borderterrorism;India’sroleinworldaffairs;GeopoliticsofSouthAsiaandIndianOceanrealm.
10. ContemporaryIssues:Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides, earthquakes,Tsunamis,floodsand droughts, epidemics;  Issues  related  to  environmental  pollution; Changes  in  patternsoflanduse;Principlesofenvironmentalimpactassessmentandenvironmentalmanagement;Populationexplosionandfoodsecurity;Environmentaldegradation;Deforestation,desertificationandsoilerosion;Problemsofagrarianandindustrialunrest;Regionaldisparitiesineconomicdevelopment;Conceptof

sustainablegrowthanddevelopment;Environmentalawareness;Linkageofrivers;GlobalisationandIndianeconomy.

NOTE:Candidateswillberequiredto answeronecompulsorymapquestion pertinenttosubjectscoveredbythispaper.

1. GeneralGeology:

GEOLOGYPAPERI

The Solar System, meteorites, origin and interior of the earth and age ofearth; Volcanoes—causesand products, Volcanic belts. Earthquakes—causes, effects, seismic of zone of India;Island arcs,trenchesandmid-oceanridges;Continentaldrift;Seafloorspreading,platetectonics.Isostasy.

2.   GeomorphologyandRemoteSensing:

Basic concepts of geomorphology. Weathering and soil formations; Landforms, slopes and drainage.Geomorphic cycles and their interpretation. Morphology and itsrelation to structures and lithology; Coastalgeomorphology;Applications ofgeomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering; hydrology andenvironmentalstudies;GeomorphologyofIndiansub-continent.

Aerial photographs and their interpretation—merits and limitations; The Electromagnetic spectrum.OrbitingSatellitesandSensorSystems.IndianRemote Sensing Satellites. Satellite data products;Applications of remote sensing in geology; The Geographic Information System (GIS) andGlobal PositioningSystem(GPS)—itsapplications.

3.  StructuralGeology:

Principles of geologic mapping and map reading, projection diagrams, Stress and strain ellipsoid andstress-strainrelationshipsofelastic,plasticandviscousmaterials;Strainmarkersindeformed  rocks.Behaviourofmineralsandrocksunderdeformationconditions. Folds and  faults  classification  andmechanics;Structuralanalysisoffolds,foliations,lineations,jointsandfaults,unconformities;Time-relationshipbetweencrystallizationanddeformation.

4. Paleontology:

Species—definition and nomenclature; Megafossils and Microfossils. Modes of preservation of fossils;Differentkindsofmicrofossils;Applicationofmicrofossils in correlation, petroleum exploration,paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic studies; Evolutionary trendin Hominidae, Equidae and Proboscidae.Siwalikfauna.

Gondwanafloraandfaunaanditsimportance;Indexfossilsandtheirsignificance.

5.  IndianStratigraphy:

Classificationofstratigraphicsequences:  lithostrati-graphic,  biostratigraphic,  chrono-stratigraphicandmagnetostratigraphic  and their interrelationships; Distribution and classification of  Precambrian  rocksof India;Studyofstratigraphicdistribution andlithologyofPhanerozoicrocksofIndia  with  reference  tofauna,floraandeconomicimportance.Majorboundary problems—Cambrian/ Precambrian,Permian/Triassic,Cretaceous/TertiaryandPliocene/Pleistocene;Studyof climatic conditions,paleogeographyandigneous  activity  in the Indian sub-continent  in the  geological past. Tectonic frameworkofIndia.EvolutionoftheHimalayas.

6.   HydrogeologyandEngineeringGeology:

Hydrologiccycleandgeneticclassificationofwater;Movementofsubsurfacewater;Springs;Porosity,permeability,hydraulicconductivity,transmissivityandstoragecoefficient,classificationofaquifers; Water-bearing characteristics of rocks; Groundwater chemistry. Salt water intrusion. Types ofwells. Drainage basin morphometry; Exploration for groundwater;Groundwater recharge;Problems andmanagementofgroundwater;Rainwaterharvesting;Engineeringpropertiesofrocks;Geologicalinvestigations for dams, tunnels highways, railway and bridges; Rock as constructionmaterial; Landslidescauses,preventionandrehabilitation;Earthquake-resistantstructures.

PAPERII

1. Mineralogy:

Classificationofcrystalsintosystemsandclassesofsymmetry;International system ofcrystallographicnotation;Useofprojectiondiagramstorepresentcrystalsymmetry;ElementsofX-raycrystallography.

Physical andchemical charactersof rock forming silicatemineral groups;  Structural classificationof silicates; Common minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks; Minerals of the carbonate, phosphate,sulphideandhalidegroups;Clayminerals.

Opticalpropertiesofcommonrockformingminerals;Pleochroism,extinctionangle,doublerefraction,birefringence,twinninganddispersioninminerals.

2.   IgneousandMetamorphicPetrology:

Generationandcrystallisationofmagmas.Crystallisation  of  albite—anorthite,  diopside—anorthiteanddiopside—wollastonite—silicasystems.Bowen'sReactionPrinciple;Magmaticdifferentiationandassimilation.Petrogeneticsignificanceofthetexturesandstructuresofigneousrocks.Petrographyandpetrogenesis of granite, syenite, diorite, basic and ultrabasic groups, charnockite, anorthosite and alkalinerocks.Carbonatites.Deccanvolcanicprovince.

Types and agents of metamorphism. Metamorphic grades and zones; Phase rule. Facies of regionalandcontactmetamorphism;ACFandAKFdiagrams;Texturesandstructuresofmetamorphicrocks.Metamorphismofarenaceous,argillaceousandbasicrocks;Mineralsassemblages.Retrogrademetamorphism;Metasomatismandgranitisation,migmatites.GranuliteterrainsofIndia.

3.   SedimenaryPetrology:

Sedimentas and Sedimentary rocks: Processes of formation; digenesis and lithification; Clastic andnon-clastic rocks-their classification, petrography and depositional environment; Sedimentary facies andprovenance.Sedimentarystructuresandtheirsignificance.Heavymineralsandtheirsignificance.SedimentarybasinsofIndia.

4. EconomicGeology:

Ore, ore mineral and gangue, tenor of ore. Classification of oredeposits; Processes of formation ofmineraldeposits;Controlsoforelocalisation;Oretexuresandstructures;Metallogenicepochsandprovinces; Geology of the important Indian deposits of aluminium, chromium, copper, gold, iron, lead, zinc,manganese, titanium, uranium and thorium andindustrial minerals; Deposits of coal and petroleum inIndia,NationalMineralPolicy;Conservationandutilizationofmineralresources.MarinemineralresourcesandLawofSea.

5.   MiningGeology:

Methods of prospecting—geological, geophysical, geochemical and geobotanical; Techniques   of

sampling.Estimationofreservesofore;Methodsof  exploration  and  mining-metallic  ores,  industrialminerals,marinemineralresourcesandbuildingstones.Mineralbeneficiationandoredressing.

6.   GeochemistryandEnvironmental Geology:

Cosmicabundanceofelements.Compositionofthe planets and meteorites. Structure andcomposition of earth and distribution of elements. Trace elements. Elements of crystal chemistry-types ofchemicalbonds,coordinationnumber.Isomorphismandpolymorphism.Elementarythermodynamics.

Naturalhazards—floods,masswasting,costalhazards,earthquakesandvolcanicactivityandmitigation;Environmental impact of urbanization, mining, industrial and radioactive waste disposal, use of fertilizers,dumping of mine waste and fly-ash. Pollution of ground and surface water, marine pollution. Environmentprotection—legislativemeasuresinIndia;Sealevelchanges:causesandimpact

1.   Sources

Archaeologicalsources:

HISTORYPAPERI

Exploration,excavation,epigraphy,numismatics,monuments.Literarysources:

Indigenous:Primaryandsecondary;poetry,scientificliterature,literature,literatureinregionallanguages,religiousliterature.

Foreignaccount:Greek,ChineseandArabwriters.

2.   Pre-historyandProto-history:

Geographicalfactors;huntingandgathering(paleolithicandmesolithic);Beginningofagriculture(neolithicandchalcolithic).

3.   IndusValleyCivilization:

Origin,date,extent,characteristics-decline,survivalandsignificance,artandarchitecture.

4.   MegalithicCultures:

DistributionofpastoralandfarmingculturesoutsidetheIndus,Developmentofcommunitylife,Settlements,Developmentofagriculture,Crafts,Pottery,andIronindustry.

5.   AryansandVedicPeriod:

ExpansionsofAryansinIndia:

Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature; Transformation from Rig Vedic period to the later Vedicperiod; Political, social and economical life; Significance of the Vedic Age; Evolution of Monarchy and Varnasystem.

6.   PeriodofMahajanapadas:

FormationofStates(Mahajanapada):Republicsandmonarchies;Riseofurbancentres;Trade  routes;Economicgrowth;Introductionofcoinage;SpreadofJainismandBuddism;RiseofMagadhaandNandas.

IranianandMecedonianinvasionsandtheirimpact.

7.   MauryanEmpire:

Foundationof the Mauryan Empire, Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra; Ashoka; Concept of

Dharma;Edicts;Polity,Administration,Economy;Art,architectureandsculpture;Externalcontacts;Religion;Spreadofreligion;Literature.

Disintegrationoftheempire;sungasandKanvas.

8.   Post-MauryanPeriod(Indo-Greeks,Sakas,Kushanas,  WesternKshatrapas):

Contactwithoutsideworld;growthofurbancentres,economy,coinage,developmentofreligions,Mahayana,socialconditions,art,architecture,culture,literatureandscience.

9.     EarlyStateandSocietyinEasternIndia,DeccanandSouth   India:

Kharavela,TheSatavahanas,TamilStatesoftheSangamAge;Administration,Economy,landgrants,coinage,tradeguildsandurbancentres;Buddhistcentres;Sangamliteratureandculture;Artandarchitecture.

10.   Guptas,VakatakasandVardhanas:

Polity and administration, Economic conditions, Coinage of the Guptas, Land grants, Decline of urbancentres,Indianfeudalism,Castesystem,Positionofwomen,Educationandeducationalinstitutions;Nalanda,VikramshilaandVallabhi,Literature,scientificliterature,artandarchitecture.

11.   RegionalStatesduringGuptaEra:

The Kadambas, Pallavas, Chalukyas of Badami; Polity and Administration, Trade guilds, Literature; growthof Vaishnava and Saiva religions. Tamil Bhakit movement, Shankaracharya; Vedanta; Institutions of templeandtemplearchitecture;Palas,Senas,Rashtrakutas,Paramaras,Polityandadministration;Culturalaspects.Arab conquest of Sind;Alberuni,TheChaluky asof  Kalyana, Cholas,  Hoysalas,  Pandyas; PolityandAdministration;LocalGovernment;Growthofartandarchitecture,religioussects,InstitutionoftempleandMathas,Agraharas,educationandliterature,economyandsociety.

12.   ThemesinEarlyIndianCulturalHistory:

Languages and texts, major stages in the evolution of art and architecture, major philosophical thinkersandschools,ideasinScienceandMathematics.

13.   EarlyMedievalIndia,750-1200:

• Polity:MajorpoliticaldevelopmentsinNorthernIndiaandthepeninsula,originandtheriseofRajputs.
• TheCholas:administration,villageeconomyandsociety“IndianFeudalism”.
• Agrarian economyandurban settlements.
• Society:thestatusoftheBrahmanandthenewsocialorder.

14.   CulturalTraditionsinIndia,750-1200:

• Philosophy:SkankaracharyaandVedanta,RamanujaandVishishtadvaita,MadhvaandBrahma-Mimansa.
• Religion:Formsandfeaturesofreligion,Tamildevotionalcult,growthofBhakti,IslamanditsarrivalinIndia,Sufism.
• Literature:LiteratureinSanskrit,growthofTamilliterature,literatureinthe newly developinglanguages,Kalhan'sRajtarangini,Alberuni'sIndia.
• ArtandArchitecture:Templearchitecture,sculpture,painting.

15.   The ThirteenthCentury:

• EstablishmentoftheDelhiSultanate:TheGhurianinvasions-factorsbehindGhuriansuccess.
• Economic,Socialandculturalconsequences.
• Consolidation:TheruleofIltutmishandBalban.

16.   TheFourteenthCentury:

• “TheKhaljiRevolution”.
• AlauddinKhalji:Conquestsandterritorialexpansion,agrarianandeconomicmeasure.
• MuhammadTughluq:Majorprojects,agrarianmeasures,bureaucracyofMuhammadTughluq.
• FiruzTugluq:Agrarianmeasures,achievementsincivilengineeringandpublic works,decline  oftheSultanate,foreigncontactsandIbnBattuta'saccount.

17.  Society,CultureandEconomyintheThirteenthandFourteenthCenturies:

• Society:compositionofruralsociety,rulingclasses,towndwellers,women,religiousclasses,casteandslaveryundertheSultanate,Bhaktimovement,Sufimovement.
• Culture:Persianliterature,literatureintheregionallanguagesofNorthIndia,literauteinthelanguagesofSouth India,Sultanatearchitectureand newstructuralforms, painting, evolutionofa compositeculture.
• Economy:AgriculturalProduction,riseof urbaneconomyandnon-agriculturalproduction,tradeandcommerce.

18.   The FifteenthandEarlySixteenthCentury-PoliticalDevelopmentsandEconomy:

• RiseofProvincialDynasties:Bengal,Kashmir(ZainulAbedin),Gujarat.
• Malwa,Bahmanids.
• MughalEmpire,firstphase:Babur,Humayun.
• TheSurEmpire:SherShah’sadministration.
• Portuguesecolonialenterprise,BhaktiandSufiMovements.

19.     TheFifteenthandEarlySixteenthCentury-Societyandculture:

• Society,culture,literatureandtheartsinVijayanagaraEmpire.

20.     Akbar:

• Establishmentofjagirandmansab
• TheoryofSulh-i-kulandreligiouspolicy.

21.     MughalEmpireintheSeventeenthCentury:

• MajoradministrativepoliciesofJahangir,ShahjahanandAurangzeb.
• ReligiouspoliciesofJahangir,ShahjahanandAurangzeb.
• The Ahom kingdom.

22.     Economyandsociety,inthe16thand17thCenturies:

• Population Agricultural andcraftproduction.
• Towns,commercewithEuropethroughDutch,EnglishandFrenchcompanies:atraderevolution.
• Banking,insuranceandcreditsystems.
• Conditionsofpeasants,ConditionofWomen.

23.     CultureduringMughalEmpire:

• Persianhistories andotherliterature.
• Hindi andreligiousliteratures.
• Provincialarchitectureand painting.

24.   TheEighteenthCentury:

• Theregionalprincipalities: Nizam’sDeccan,Bengal,Awadh.
• EmergenceofAfghanpowerBattleofPanipat,1761.
• Stateof,political,culturalandeconomic,oneveoftheBritishconquest.