Notification

SECTIONIII:SYLLABI FOR THE EXAMINATION

Note:CandidatesareadvisedtogothroughtheSyllabuspublishedinthisSectionforthePreliminaryExaminationandtheMainExamination,asperiodicrevisionofsyllabushasbeendoneinseveralsubjects.

PartA—PreliminaryExamination

PaperI-(200marks)                                                                                                                    Duration:Twohours

• HistoryofIndia and IndianNationalMovement.
• IndianandWorldGeography-Physical,Social,EconomicGeographyofIndiaandtheWorld.
• IndianPolityandGovernance-Constitution,PoliticalSystem,PanchayatiRaj,PublicPolicy,RightsIssues,etc.
• EconomicandSocialDevelopment-SustainableDevelopment,Poverty,Inclusion,Demographics,SocialSectorInitiatives,etc.
• Generalissues on Environmentalecology,Bio-diversityandClimateChange-thatdonotrequiresubjectspecialization.

PaperII-(200marks)                                                                                                                   Duration:Twohours

• Comprehension;
• Interpersonalskillsincludingcommunicationskills;
• Logicalreasoningandanalyticalability;
• Decisionmakingandproblemsolving;
• Generalmentalability;
• Basicnumeracy(numbersandtheirrelations,ordersofmagnitude,etc.)(ClassXlevel),Datainterpretation(charts,graphs,tables,datasufficiencyetc.—ClassXlevel);

Note1:                 Paper-IIoftheCivilServices(Preliminary)Examinationwillbeaqualifyingpaperwith

minimumqualifyingmarksfixedat33%.

Note2:                 Thequestionswillbeofmultiplechoice,objectivetype.

Note3:                 ItismandatoryforthecandidatetoappearinboththePapersofCivilServices(Prelim)Examination for thepurposeof evaluation. Therefore  a candidate  will be  disqualified  in case  he/she  doesnotappearinboththepapersofCivilServices(Prelim)Examination.

PartB—MainExamination

The main Examination is intended to assess the overall intellectual traits and depth of understandingofcandidatesratherthanmerelytherangeoftheirinformationandmemory.

The natureand standard of questionsin the General Studies papers(Paper II  to Paper V) will be  suchthatawell-educatedpersonwillbeabletoanswerthemwithoutanyspecializedstudy.Thequestionswillbesuch as to test a candidate’sgeneral awareness of a variety of subjects, which will have relevance  for acareer in Civil Services. The questions are likely to test the candidate’s basic understanding of all relevantissues, and ability to  analyze, and take a view on conflicting socio-economic  goals, objectives and demands.Thecandidatesmustgiverelevant,meaningfulandsuccinctanswers.

The scope of the syllabus for optional subject papers (Paper VI and Paper VII) for the examination isbroadly of the honours degree 1evel i.e. a level higher than the bachelors’ degree and lower than the masters’degree.InthecaseofEngineering,MedicalScienceandlaw,thelevelcorrespondstothebachelors’degree.

Syllabiofthepapersincluded inthe schemeofCivilServices (Main)Examinationaregivenasfollows:—

QUALIFYINGPAPERSONINDIANLANGUAGESANDENGLISH

Theaim of the paperis to test the candidates' ability to read and  understand serious discursive prose,andtoexpressideasclearlyandcorrectly,inEnglishandIndianlanguageconcerned.

Thepatternofquestionswouldbebroadlyasfollows:

• Precis

IndianLanguages:—

• Precis
• TranslationfromEnglishtotheIndianLanguageandvice-versa.

Note1  :  The papers  on Indian Languages  and English will be  of  Matriculation or equivalent standard andwillbeofqualifyingnatureonly.Themarksobtainedinthesepaperswillnotbecountedforranking.

Note 2 : The candidates will have to answer the English and Indian Languages papers in English and therespectiveIndianlanguage(exceptwheretranslationisinvolved).

PAPER-I

Essay:Candidatesmayberequiredtowriteessaysonmultipletopics.Theywillbeexpectedtokeepcloselytothe subjectofthe essay toarrangetheirideasin orderly  fashion,  and  to  write concisely. Credit  will begivenforeffectiveandexactexpression.

PAPER-II

GeneralStudies-I:IndianHeritageandCulture,HistoryandGeographyoftheWorldandSociety.

• IndianculturewillcoverthesalientaspectsofArtForms,literatureandArchitecturefromancienttomoderntimes.
• ModernIndianhistory fromaboutthe middle oftheeighteenthcentury untilthe present-significantevents,personalities,issues.
• TheFreedomStruggle—itsvariousstagesandimportantcontributors/contributionsfromdifferentpartsofthecountry.
• Post-independenceconsolidationandreorganizationwithinthecountry.
• Historyoftheworldwillincludeeventsfrom18thcenturysuchasindustrialrevolution,worldwars,redrawal of national boundaries, colonization, decolonization, political philosophies like communism,capitalism,socialismetc.—theirformsandeffectonthesociety.
• SalientfeaturesofIndianSociety,DiversityofIndia.
• Roleofwomenandwomen’sorganization,populationandassociatedissues,povertyanddevelopmentalissues,urbanization,theirproblemsandtheirremedies.
• Social empowerment,communalism,regionalism&secularism.
• Salientfeaturesofworld’sphysicalgeography.
• Distributionofkeynaturalresourcesacrosstheworld(includingSouthAsiaandtheIndiansub-continent);factors responsiblefor the locationof primary,secondary,and tertiarysector industriesinvariouspartsoftheworld(includingIndia).
• ImportantGeophysicalphenomenasuchasearthquakes,Tsunami,Volcanicactivity,cycloneetc.,geographicalfeaturesandtheirlocation-changesincriticalgeographicalfeatures(includingwater-bodiesandice-caps)andinfloraandfaunaandtheeffectsofsuchchanges.

PAPER-III

GeneralStudies-II:Governance,Constitution,Polity,SocialJusticeandInternationalrelations.

• Indian Constitution—historical underpinnings, evolution, features, amendments, significant provisionsandbasicstructure.
• FunctionsandresponsibilitiesoftheUnionandtheStates,issuesandchallengespertainingtothefederalstructure,devolutionofpowersandfinancesuptolocallevelsandchallengestherein.
• Separationofpowers betweenvariousorgans disputeredressalmechanismsandinstitutions.
• Parliamentand Statelegislatures—structure,functioning, conductofbusiness,powers&privilegesandissuesarisingoutofthese.
• Structure,organizationandfunctioningoftheExecutiveandtheJudiciary—MinistriesandDepartments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in thePolity.
• SalientfeaturesoftheRepresentationofPeople’sAct.
• AppointmenttovariousConstitutionalposts,powers,functionsandresponsibilitiesofvariousConstitutionalBodies.
• Statutory,regulatoryandvariousquasi-judicialbodies.
• Developmentprocessesand thedevelopmentindustry —theroleofNGOs,SHGs,variousgroupsandassociations,donors,charities,institutionalandotherstakeholders.
• WelfareschemesforvulnerablesectionsofthepopulationbytheCentreandStatesandthe

performanceoftheseschemes;mechanisms,laws,institutionsandBodiesconstitutedfortheprotectionandbettermentofthesevulnerablesections.

• Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health,Education,HumanResources.
• Important aspects of governance, transparency and accountability, e-governance- applications, models,successes,limitations,andpotential;citizenscharters,transparency&accountabilityandinstitutionalandothermeasures.
• Role ofcivilservicesinademocracy.
• Indiaanditsneighborhood-relations.
• Bilateral,regionalandglobalgroupingsandagreementsinvolvingIndiaand/oraffectingIndia’sinterests.
• EffectofpoliciesandpoliticsofdevelopedanddevelopingcountriesonIndia’sinterests,Indiandiaspora.
• ImportantInternationalinstitutions,agenciesandfora-theirstructure,mandate.

PAPER-IV

GeneralStudies-III:Technology,EconomicDevelopment,Biodiversity,Environment,SecurityandDisasterManagement

• Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development andemployment.
• Major crops-cropping patterns in various parts of the country, - different types of irrigation andirrigation systems storage, transport and marketing of agricultural produce and issues and relatedconstraints;e-technologyintheaidoffarmers.
• Issuesrelatedtodirectandindirect farmsubsidiesandminimumsupportprices;PublicDistributionSystem-objectives,functioning,limitations,revamping;issuesofbufferstocksandfoodsecurity;Technologymissions;economicsofanimal-rearing.
• FoodprocessingandrelatedindustriesinIndia-scope’andsignificance,location,upstreamanddownstreamrequirements,supplychainmanagement.
• Effectsofliberalizationontheeconomy,changesinindustrialpolicyandtheireffectsonindustrialgrowth.
• Infrastructure:Energy,Ports,Roads,Airports,Railwaysetc.
• ScienceandTechnology-developmentsandtheirapplicationsandeffectsineverydaylife.
• AchievementsofIndiansinscience&technology;indigenizationoftechnologyanddevelopingnewtechnology.
• AwarenessinthefieldsofIT,Space,Computers,robotics,nano-technology,bio-technologyandissuesrelatingtointellectualpropertyrights.
• Conservation,environmentalpollutionanddegradation,environmentalimpactassessment.
• Roleofexternal stateand non-stateactorsincreatingchallengestointernalsecurity.
• Challengestointernalsecuritythroughcommunicationnetworks,roleofmediaandsocialnetworkingsitesininternalsecuritychallenges,basicsofcybersecurity;money-launderinganditsprevention.
• Securitychallengesandtheirmanagementinborderareas-linkagesoforganizedcrimewithterrorism.

PAPER-V

GeneralStudies-IV:Ethics,IntegrityandAptitude

• This paper willincludequestionsto test thecandidates’attitudeand approach toissuesrelatingtointegrity, probity in public life and his problem solving approach to various issues and conflicts faced byhimindealingwithsociety.Questionsmayutilisethecasestudyapproachtodeterminetheseaspects.Thefollowingbroadareaswillbecovered:
• Ethicsand Human Interface: Essence, determinantsand consequencesof Ethicsin-human actions;dimensionsofethics;ethics-inprivateandpublicrelationships.HumanValues-lessonsfromthelivesandteachingsofgreatleaders,reformersand administrators;roleoffamilysocietyandeducationalinstitutionsininculcatingvalues.
• Attitude:content,structure,function;itsinfluenceandrelationwiththoughtandbehaviour;moralandpoliticalattitudes;socialinfluenceandpersuasion.
• AptitudeandfoundationalvaluesforCivilService,integrity,impartialityandnon-partisanship,objectivity,dedicationtopublicservice,empathy,toleranceandcompassiontowardstheweaker-sections.
• Emotionalintelligence-concepts,andtheir utilities andapplicationin administrationandgovernance.
• Public/CivilservicevaluesandEthicsinPublicadministration:Statusandproblems;ethicalconcernsanddilemmasingovernmentandprivateinstitutions;laws,rules,regulationsandconscienceassourcesofethicalguidance;accountabilityandethicalgovernance;strengtheningofethicalandmoralvaluesingovernance;ethicalissuesininternationalrelationsandfunding;corporategovernance.
• ProbityinGovernance:Conceptofpublicservice;Philosophicalbasisofgovernanceandprobity;Informationsharingandtransparencyingovernment,RighttoInformation,CodesofEthics,CodesofConduct,Citizen’sCharters,Workculture,Qualityofservicedelivery,Utilizationofpublicfunds,challengesofcorruption.

PAPER-VI&PAPERVII

OptionalSubjectPapersI&II

CandidatemaychooseanyoptionalsubjectfromamongsttheListofOptionalSubjectsgiveninPara2.

AGRICULTUREPAPER-I

Ecologyanditsrelevancetoman, natural resources, their sustainable management andconservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and production. Agro ecology;cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental pollution and associated hazards to crops,animals  and  humans. Climate change—International conventions and  global initiatives. Green house effectandglobalwarming.Advancetoolsforecosystemanalysis—Remote Sensing (RS) and GeographicInformationSystems(GIS).

Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high-yielding and short-durationvarietiesonshiftsincroppingpatterns.Concepts  of  various cropping,  and  farming  systems.Organic and Precision farming. Package of practices for production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds,fibres,sugar,commercialandfoddercrops.

Important features, and scope of various types offorestry plantations such as social forestry, agro-forestry, and natural forests : Propagation of forest plants. Forest products. Agro-forestry and value addition.Conservationofforestfloraandfauna.

Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their multiplications;cultural,biological,andchemicalcontrolofweeds.

Soil—physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil formation. soils ofIndia. Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in maintaining soil productivity. Essentialplant nutrients and other beneficial elements in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility, soil testingandfertiliserrecommendations,integratednutrientmanagementBiofertilizers.Lossesofnitrogeninsoil,nitrogen-useefficiencyinsubmergedricesoils,nitrogenfixationinsoils.Efficientphosphoruseandpotassiumuse.Problemsoilsandtheirreclamation.Soilfactorsaffectinggreenhousegasemission.

Soil conservation, integratedwatershed management. Soil erosion and its management. Dry landagricultureanditsproblems.Technologyforstabilisingagricultureproductioninrainfedareas.

Water-useefficiencyinrelationtocropproduction,criteriafor  scheduling  irrigations,  ways  andmeans of reducing run-offlosses of irrigation water. Rainwater harvesting. Drip and sprinkler irrigation.Drainageofwater-logged soils,quality of irrigation water, effect ofindustrial effluentson soil and waterpollution.IrrigationprojectsinIndia.

Farmmanagement,scope,importance  and  characteristics,  farm  planning.  Optimum  resource  useandbudgeting.Economicsofdifferenttypesoffarmingsystems.Marketingmanagementstrategiesfordevelopment,marketintelligence.pricefluctuationsandtheircost;roleofco-operativesinagriculturaleconomy;typesandsystemsoffarmingandfactorsaffectingthem.Agriculturalpricepolicy.CropInsurance.

Agriculturalextension,itsimportanceandrole,methodsofevaluationofextensionprogrammes,socio-economicsurveyand status ofbig, small and marginal farmersand landlessagricultural labourers;Trainingprogrammesforextensionworkers.RoleofKrishiVigyanKendra’s(KVK)indisseminationofAgriculturaltechnologies.Non-GovernmentOrganisation(NGO)andself-helpgroupapproachforruraldevelopment.

PAPER-II

Cell structure, function and cell cycle. Synthesis, structure and function of   genetic material.  Lawsofheredity.Chromosomestructure,chromosomalaberrations,linkageandcross-over,andtheirsignificance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids and aneuploids. Mutation—and their role incrop improvement. Heritability, sterility and incompatibility, classification and their application in cropimprovement.Cytoplasmicinheritance,sex-linked,sex-influencedandsex-limitedcharacters.

History of plantbreeding. Modesofreproduction,selfing  and crossing techniques. Origin,  evolutionanddomesticationofcropplants,centeroforigin,lawofhomologousseries,cropgeneticresources—conservationandutilization.Applicationofprinciplesofplantbreeding,improvementof  crop  plants.Molecularmarkersandtheirapplicationinplantimprovement.Pure-lineselection,pedigree,massandrecurrentselections,combiningability,itssignificanceinplantbreeding.Heterosisandits  exploitation.Somatichybridization.Breedingfordiseaseandpestresistance.Roleofinterspecificandintergenerichybridization.Roleofgeneticengineeringandbiotechnology  in  crop  improvement  Gernetically  modifiedcropplants.

Seed production and processing technologies. Seed certification, Seed testing and storage. DNAfingerprintingandseedregistration.Role ofpublic andprivatesectorsinseedproduction,andmarketing.IntellectualPropertyRights(IPR)issues,WTOissuesanditsimpactonAgriculture.

PrinciplesofPlantPhysiologywithreferencetoplantnutrition,absorption,translocationandmetabolismofnutrients.Soil-water-plantrelationship.

Enzymesand plant pigments; photosynthesis—modern conceptsand factorsaffecting theprocess,aerobicandanaerobicrespiration; C3, C4 and CAM mechanisms. Carbohydrate, protein and fatmetabolism.Growthanddevelopment;photoperiodism  and  vernalization.  Plant  growth substances  andtheirroleincropproduction.Physiologyofseeddevelopmentandgermination;dormancy.Stressphysiology—draught,saltandwaterstress.

major fruits,plantationcrops, vegetables, spices and flower crops.packagepracticesof majorhorticultural crops. Protected cultivation and high tech horticulture. Post-harvest technology and valueaddition of fruits and vegetables. Landscaping and commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aromatic plants.Roleoffruitsandvegetablesinhumannutrition.

Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation crops and theireconomic importance. Classification ofpests and diseases and their management. Intergrated pest anddiseasesmanagement. Storage pests and their management. Biological control of pests and diseases.Epidemiologyandforecastingofmajorcroppestsanddiseases.Plantquarantinemeasures.Pesticides,theirformulationandmodesofaction

Food production and consumption trends in India. Food security and growing population—vision2020.Reasonsforgrainsurplus.NationalandInternationalfoodpolicies.Production,procurement,distribution constraints. Availability of foodgtrains, per capita expenditure on food. Trends in poverty, PublicDistribution System and Below Poverty Line population, Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS), policyimplementation in context to globalization. Processing constraints. Relation of food production to NationalDietaryGuidelinesandfoodconsumptionpattern.Foodbaseddietaryapproachestoeliminate  hunger.Nutrient deficiency—Micro nutrient deficiency : Protein Energy Malnutrition or Protein Calorie Malnutrition(PEM or PCM), Micro nutrient deficiency and HRD in context of work capacity of women and children. Foodgrainproductivityandfoodsecurity.

ANIMALHUSBANDRYANDVETERINARYSCIENCEPAPER-I

1. AnimalNutrition:
   • Directandindirectcalorimetry.Carbon—nitrogenbalanceandcomparativeslaughtermethods.Systemsforexpressingenergyvalueoffoodsinruminants,pigsandpoultry.Energyrequirements for  maintenance,  growth,  pregnancy,  lactation,egg,wool,andmeatproduction.
   • Energyproteininter-relationships.Evaluationofproteinquality. Use of NPN compounds in ruminant diets. Protein requirements for maintenance, growth,pregnancy,lactation,egg,woolandmeatproduction.
   • Majorandtraceminerals—Theirsources,physiologicalfunctionsanddeficiencysymptoms.Toxicminerals.Mineralinteractions.Roleoffatsolubleandwater—solublevitaminsinthebody,
   • Feed additives—methane inhibitors, probiotics, enzymes, antibiotics, hormones, oligosaccharides,antioxidants, emulsifiers, mould inhibitors, buffers etc. Use and abuse of growth promoters likeharmonesandantibiotics—latestconcepts.
   • Storageoffeedsandfeedingredients.Recentadvancesinfeedtechnologyand feed processing. Anti-nutritional and toxic factors present in livestock feeds. Feed analysis andquality control. Digestibility trials—direct, indirect and indicator methods. Predicting feed intake ingrazinganimals.
   • Nutrientrequirements.Balancedrations.Feedingofcalves,pregnant, work animals and breeding bulls. Strategies for feeding milch animals during differentstages of lactation cycle. Effect of feeding on milk composition. Feeding of goats for meat and milkproduction.Feedingofsheepformeatandwoolproduction.
   • Swine Nutrition. Nutrient requirements. Creep, starter, grower and finisher rations. Feeding of pigsforleanmeatproduction.Lowcostrationsforswine.
   • Specialfeaturesofpoultrynutrition.Nutrientrequirementsformeatandeggproduction.Formulationofrationsfordifferentclassesoflayersandbroilers.

2.                 AnimalPhysiology:

• Physiologyofbloodanditscirculation,respiration;   Endocrine  glands  in  health  anddisease.
• —Propertiesandfunctions-bloodcellformation—Haemoglobinsynthesisandchemistry-plasmaproteinsproduction,classificationandproperties,coagulationofblood;Haemorrhagic disorders—anti-coagulants—blood groups—Blood volume—Plasma expanders-Buffersystemsinblood.Biochemicaltestsandtheirsignificanceindiseasediagnosis.
• —Physiologyofheart,cardiaccycle,heartsounds,heartbeat,electrocardiograms.Workand efficiency of heart—effect of ions on heart function-metabolism of cardiac muscle, nervous andchemicalregulationofheart,effectoftemperatureandstressonheart,bloodpressuerandhypertension,osmoticregulation,arterialpulse,vasomotorregulationofcirculation,shock.Coronaryandpulmonarycirculation,Blood-BrainbarrierCerebrospinalfluid-circulationinbirds.
• —Mechanismofrespiration,Transportandexchangeofgases-neuralcontrolofrespiration-Chemo-receptors-hypoxia-respirationinbirds.
• —Structure and function of kidney-formation of urine-methods of studying renal function-renalregulationofacid-basebalance: physiological  constituents  of  urine-renal  failure-passivevenouscongestion-Urinarysecretionin  chicken-Sweat glands  and  their  function.  Bio-chemical testforurinarydysfunction.
• —Functionaldisorders—theirsymptomsanddiagnosis.Synthesisofhormones,mechanismandcontrolofsecretion—hormonalreceptors-classificationandfunction.
• Prenatalandpostnatalgrowth,maturation,growthcurves,measuresofgrowth,factorsaffectinggrowth,conformation,bodycomposition,meatquality.
• PhysiologyofMilkProduction,ReproductionandDigestion.—Currentstatus ofhormonalcontrolofmammary development, milk secretion and milk ejection. Male and Female reproductive organs,theircomponentsandfunctions.Digestiveorgansandtheirfunctions.
• Environmental Physiology.—Physiological relations and their regulation; mechanisms of adaptation,environmentalfactorsandregulatorymechanismsinvolvedinanimal behaviour,  climatology—variousparametersandtheirimportance.Animalecology.Physiologyofbehaviour.Effectofstressonhealthandproduction.

3.    AnimalReproduction:

Semenquality.—PreservationandArtificialInsemination—Componentsofsemen,compositionofspermatozoa, chemical and physical properties of ejaculated semen, factorsaffecting  semen in vivo and invitro.Factorsaffectingsemenproductionandquality,preservation,compositionofdiluents,spermconcentration,transportofdilutedsemen.Deepfreezingtechniques  in  cows,  sheep,  goats,  swine  andpoultry.Detectionofoestrusandtimeofinseminationforbetterconception.Anoestrusandrepeatbreeding.

4.   LivestockProductionandManagement:

• —ComparisonofdairyfarminginIndiawithadvancedcountries.Dairying under mixed farming and as specialized farming, economic dairy farming. Starting of adairy farm, Capital and land requirement, organization of the dairy farm. Opportunities in dairyfarming, factors determining the efficiency of dairy animal. Heard recording, budgeting cost of milkproduction, pricing policy; Personnel Management. Developing Practical and Economic rations fordairy cattle; supply of greens throughout the year, feed and fodder requirements of Dairy Farm.Feeding regimes for young stock and bulls, heifers and breeding animals; new trends in feedingyoungandadultstock;Feedingrecords.
• Commercialmeat,eggandwoolproduction.—Developmentofpracticalandeconomicrations forsheep,goats,pigs,rabbitsandpoultry.Supplyofgreens,fodder,feeding  regimes  for  young  andmature stock. New trends in enhancing production and management. Capital and land requirementsandsocio-economicconcept.
• Feedingandmanagementofanimalsunderdrought,floodandothernaturalcalamities.

5.   GeneticsandAnimalBreeding:

• History of animal genetics. Mitosis and Meiosis : Mendelian inheritance; deviations to Mendeliangenetics;Expressionofgenes;Linkageandcrossingover;Sexdetermination,sexinfluencedandsexlimitedcharacters;Bloodgroupsandpolymorphism;Chromosomeaberrations;Cytoplasmic

inheritance, Gene and its structure; DNA as a genetic material; Genetic code and protein synthesis;Recombinant DNA technology. Mutations, types of mutations, methods for detecting mutations andmutationrate,Transgenesis.

• Population Genetics applied to Animal Breeding—Quantitative Vs. Qualitative traits; Hardy WeinbergLaw;PopulationVs.Individual;Geneandgenotypicfrequency;Forceschanginggenefrequency;Random drift and small populations; Theory of path coefficient; Inbreeding, methods of estimatinginbreeding coefficient,  systems  of inbreeding;  Effective  population size;  Breeding  value, estimationofbreedingvalue,dominanceandepistaticdeviation;Partitioningofvariation;Genotype Xenvironmentcorrelation andgenotypeX environmentinteraction;roleofmultiplemeasurements;Resemblancebetweenrelatives.
• —BreedsoflivestsockandPoultry.Heritability,repeatabilityandgeneticandphenotypiccorrelations,their methodsofestimation and  precision  of  estimates; Aids  to  selectionand their relative merits; Individual, pedigree, family and within family selection; Pregnency testing;Methodsofselection;Constructionofselectionindicesandtheiruses;Comparativeevaluationofgeneticgainsthroughvariousselectionmethods;Indirectselectionandcorrelatedresponse;Inbreeding,outbreeding,upgrading,cross-breeding  and  synthesis  of  breeds;  Crossing  of  inbredlines for commercial production; Selection for general and specific combining ability; Breeding forthresholdcharacters.Sireindex.

6.   Extension:

Basic philosophy, objectives, concept and principles of extension. Different Methods adopted toeducate farmers under rural conditions. Generation of technology, its transfer and feedback. Problems andconstraintsintransferoftechnology.Animalhusbandryprogrammesforruraldevelopment.