Blog

The Evolving Institution of Marriage in India

Marriage is an important institution in Indian society. It is seen as a sacred union between two people, and it is often seen as the beginning of a new family. Marriage is also seen as a way to ensure social stability and continuity.

There are different types of marriages described in historical texts that provide insights into the cultural and social norms surrounding marriage in that era. According to ancient Indian texts such as Manusmriti, Mahabharata, and Vedas, there are eight types of marriages, also known as "Vivah," 

The initial set of four marriage forms were classified as Prashasta forms, and they were considered acceptable forms of marriage. However, the level of approval varied among them, with Brahmana marriage being clearly superior to the other three. On the other hand, the remaining four forms of marriage were categorized as Aprashasta forms, and all of them were deemed undesirable for reasons that will be explained.

Prashasta forms of Marriage 

• The Bráhma Marriage 

Once the groom has completed his education and acquired the necessary skills, his family approaches the family of a suitable girl. The bride's father then investigates the groom's background, character, learning, and accomplishments before giving his daughter in marriage. This form of marriage is considered the most esteemed in the scriptures, and it does not involve any dowry.

• The Daiva Marriage

In this type of marriage, the bride's family waits for a suitable groom. If the girl does not find a suitable match within a specified period, her family arranges for her marriage to a priest who officiates over sacrifices. This form of marriage is considered inferior to the Bráhma Marriage as it is seen as degrading to women.

• The Ársha Marriage

The term "Ársha" refers to a Rishi or Sage in Sanskrit. In this form of marriage, the groom is typically a Rishi or Sage. The bride is married to a Rishi in exchange for two cows or a cow and a bull. This serves to illustrate that a sage does not possess great wealth. Ársha Marriage usually occurs when the bride's family is unable to afford the expenses of their daughter's marriage. This type of marriage is also considered inferior due to its transactional nature.

• The Prájápatya Marriage

Contrary to the Bráhma Marriage, in this type of marriage, an eligible groom is enticed with wealth and gifts by the bride's father to marry his daughter. According to the Mahabharata, it is also known as the Kshatra form of marriage. However, according to Manusmriti, the term Prájápatya is used when the father gives away his daughter with due honor, saying "May both of you perform your civil and religious duties," along with a verbal agreement to uphold dharma together.

The Aprashasta forms of Marriage

• The Asura Marriage : This form of marriage involved the groom bestowing wealth upon the bride and her family in exchange for receiving her. It was widely seen as the commodification or "selling" of a bride and was considered greatly inferior to the four Prashasta forms of marriage. This practice is no longer observed among Hindus.
  
  
• The Gandharva Marriage: This form of marriage consisted of the voluntary union of a maiden and her lover driven by physical desire and sexual intercourse. Although it shares some similarities with Western notions of marriage based on free choice between couples without the involvement of family members, it is not commonly practiced in modern India. However, a similar type of marriage known as a "love marriage" does exist.
  
  
• The Rakshasa Marriage: This form of marriage involved the forcible abduction of a maiden from her home after her kinsmen had been killed or injured, and their houses invaded. This violent and coercive form of marriage is no longer in existence and is universally condemned.
  
  
• The Pisaka Marriage:  In this form, a man would exploit the vulnerability of a girl who is asleep, intoxicated, mentally imbalanced, or handicapped, using deception to engage in a sexual relationship with her. It is challenging to distinguish such a form of "marriage" from rape, and thankfully it does not exist in modern India.

It is important to note that these forms of marriage are described in ancient Indian texts as historical practices, and modern society strongly rejects any form of non-consensual or exploitative relationships.

Evolution of Indian Marriages 

Indian marriages have undergone significant changes and evolved over time due to various social, cultural, and economic factors. Some key aspects of the evolution of Indian marriages include:

• Shift from Arranged to Love Marriages: Historically, arranged marriages, where families played a central role in selecting the spouses, were prevalent in Indian society. However, over time, there has been a gradual shift towards love marriages, where individuals choose their partners based on mutual affection and compatibility. Love marriages are increasingly accepted and have become more common, particularly in urban areas.
  
  
• Changing Role of Women: With increasing education and empowerment of women, their role in marriages has evolved. Women now have greater say in the choice of their partners and have more agency in decision-making processes. They are actively involved in shaping their marriages and expressing their preferences.
  
  
• Inter-caste and Interreligious Marriages: In the past, strict adherence to caste and religious boundaries was a common practice in Indian marriages. However, there has been a growing trend of inter-caste and interreligious marriages, indicating a broader acceptance of diversity and breaking down traditional barriers.
  
  
• Emphasis on Consent and Individual Choice: The importance of consent and individual choice in marriages has gained prominence. There is an increased recognition of the need for mutual understanding, compatibility, and shared values between partners. Marriages are now more focused on personal fulfillment and companionship rather than solely fulfilling social obligations.
  
  
• Changing Wedding Customs and Ceremonies: The way weddings are celebrated in India has also transformed. While traditional rituals and customs are still prevalent, modern weddings often incorporate elements of personalization and creativity. There is a greater emphasis on creating unique experiences and adapting to contemporary trends.
  
  
• Economic Factors: Economic changes, such as urbanization, increased employment opportunities, and economic independence, have influenced marital dynamics. Factors like financial stability, career aspirations, and shared financial responsibilities play a more significant role in partner selection and marital decision-making.
  
  
• Legal Reforms: Legislative reforms, such as the Hindu Marriage Act of 1955 and subsequent amendments, have brought significant changes to the legal framework of Indian marriages. These reforms introduced provisions for divorce, maintenance, and property rights, providing individuals with more legal protection and recourse in marital matters.

It is important to note that while these trends reflect the general trajectory of change in Indian marriages, there is still considerable diversity and variation in marital practices across different regions, communities, and socioeconomic backgrounds in the country.

Relevance of Marriage in the Indian Society 

Marriage holds significant importance in Indian society from a sociological perspective. It serves as a fundamental institution that plays multiple crucial roles:

• Social Cohesion: Marriage fosters social cohesion by establishing and maintaining kinship ties, family structures, and social networks. It brings together individuals from different families, communities, and castes, reinforcing social bonds and interdependence.
  
  
• Reproduction and Continuity: Marriage provides the framework for procreation and ensures the continuation of the family lineage. It is considered essential for bearing and raising children, thereby contributing to the perpetuation of family and societal structures.
  
  
• Social Status and Identity: Marriage holds symbolic importance as a marker of social status and identity. It signifies the transition from being single to being a part of a recognized social unit, bringing with it a sense of belonging, social recognition, and responsibilities.
  
  
• Economic and Material Support: Marriages often involve the pooling of resources, both financial and material, between families. It facilitates the sharing of economic burdens, redistribution of wealth, and ensures economic stability through cooperative efforts.
  
  
• Gender Roles and Division of Labor: Marriage plays a significant role in defining and reinforcing gender roles and expectations. It establishes the division of labor within the household, assigning specific responsibilities and tasks to each spouse based on societal norms and cultural values.
  
  
• Socialization and Cultural Transmission: Marriage serves as a means of socializing individuals into established cultural norms, traditions, and values. It provides a platform for transmitting cultural heritage, customs, and rituals from one generation to the next, ensuring cultural continuity.
  
  
• Alliance Building and Social Networks: Marriages often serve as a mechanism for building alliances between families, communities, and social groups. It helps in forging social networks, establishing connections, and fostering cooperation and support within and between different social units.

It is important to note that while these sociological functions of marriage are significant, societal attitudes towards marriage are continuously evolving, and individuals have varying perspectives and experiences regarding its importance in modern Indian society.

The concept of Same-Sex Marriage 

Same-sex marriage refers to the legal recognition and union between individuals of the same gender. It is a practice that challenges traditional notions of marriage as being solely between a man and a woman.  The acceptance and legalization of same-sex marriage have gained momentum globally in recent years, marking a significant shift in societal attitudes and understanding of human rights. Advocates argue that all individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation, should have the right to marry and enjoy the same legal and social benefits as heterosexual couples.

Supporters of same-sex marriage emphasize the principles of equality, love, and personal autonomy. They contend that denying same-sex couples the right to marry perpetuates discrimination and denies them access to legal protections, benefits, and societal recognition. Opponents often cite religious or cultural beliefs as reasons for their opposition to same-sex marriage. They argue that marriage is a sacred institution traditionally defined as being between a man and a woman, and that altering this definition undermines societal values and traditions.

Legal recognition of same-sex marriage varies across countries, with some nations fully embracing it, while others still prohibit or restrict it. The struggle for marriage equality continues in many parts of the world, as advocates work towards creating more inclusive societies that recognize and protect the rights of all individuals, regardless of their sexual orientation.

As of now, There is no Legal provision for same-sex Marriage in India.

Conclusion

Marriage holds immense significance in Indian society for several reasons. It fosters social cohesion and maintains family structures, creating a network of relationships. It ensures the continuity of lineage and the preservation of cultural traditions. Marriage provides economic and social security, allowing couples to support each other and share responsibilities. It fulfills social and cultural expectations, signifying maturity and adherence to societal norms. Marriages integrate families and communities, fostering social connections and alliances. They hold religious and spiritual importance, invoking divine blessings. Marriage also offers emotional support, companionship, and a sense of belonging. Legally, it grants rights and responsibilities, including property and inheritance. While attitudes are evolving, marriage remains a vital institution, serving as the foundation for a fulfilling life journey in Indian society.