GS Paper - III

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket lifted off from Florida on 10 September 2024, carrying American billionaire Jared Isaacman and three others into orbit to attempt the world’s first private spacewalk. The five-day mission, known as Polaris Dawn, is the first of three testing and development missions under the Polaris Program, which will be jointly executed by Isaacman and Elon Musk’s SpaceX. The program aims to develop new technologies that could be used to send people to Mars some day.

What exactly is a ‘spacewalk’?

• A spacewalk or an “extravehicular activity (EVA)” is a period of activity spent outside a spacecraft by an astronaut in space.
• The first-ever spacewalk was carried out on 18 March 1965, by the Soviet cosmonaut Alexei Leonov at the height of the Space Race — the 20th century competition between the US and USSR over who could conquer space exploration first — during the Cold War. Leonov’s walk lasted 10 minutes.
• Today, spacewalks are usually done outside the International Space Station (ISS) and can last between five and eight hours.
• Spacewalks are done for several reasons, including carrying out science experiments.
• Astronauts can attach experiments to the outside of a spacecraft during their spacewalk, and observe how the space environment impacts different things.
• They can also test new equipment, and repair satellites or their spacecraft during the walk.
• To carry out a spacewalk, astronauts have to wear a spacesuit and use rope-like safety tethers to attach themselves to their spacecraft.
• “One end is attached to the spacewalker. The other end is connected to the vehicle. The safety tethers keep astronauts from floating away into space,” according to NASA, the US space agency.
• The other way is to wear a SAFER (Simplified Aid for EVA Rescue). It is put on like a backpack, and consists of small jet thrusters to help an astronaut move around in space. SAFER is controlled by astronauts with a small joystick.

Who is on board Polaris Dawn?

• At the helm of the Polaris Dawn mission is Isaacman, who is the founder of the electronic payment company Shift4. He has bankrolled the mission along with SpaceX, and is the commander of the crew.
• This is Isaacman’s second trip into space. In 2021, he went into low-Earth orbit for three days, and then splashed down off Florida.
• Apart from Isaacman, the crew comprises Scott Poteet, a retired US Air Force lieutenant colonel; and two SpaceX employees, Anna Menon, a lead space operations engineer, and Sarah Gillis, an engineer who oversees astronaut training.

What are the mission’s objectives?

• The crew, who are travelling in SpaceX’s Dragon capsule, will first aim to get a maximum of about 1,400 km from  Earth.
• This will be farther away from the 1,372 km altitude that NASA’s Gemini XI mission reached in 1966, the record for any crewed mission that was not headed to the Moon.
• That height means that the Polaris Dawn mission will be well into the inner band of the Van Allen radiation belts — regions in space that encircle the Earth and are highly radioactive — which begins at around 1,000 km altitude.
• The crew will use this opportunity to “conduct research with the aim of better understanding the effects of spaceflight and space radiation on human health”, according to the mission’s website.
• Subsequently, the capsule would drop to a lower orbit for the rest of the mission, which includes a spacewalk. The spacewalk is scheduled for 12 September 2024, the third day of the mission.
• For the spacewalk, all crew members will put on spacesuits and then, all of the air will be let out of the capsule.
• The hatch will then be opened and the inside of the spacecraft will become part of the vacuum of outer space.
• Only two crew members — Isaacman and Gillis — will leave the capsule for the spacewalk. Poteet and Menon will stay inside to manage the safety tethers and observe readings to ensure that nothing goes awry.
• Once Isaacman and Gillis return inside, the hatch will be closed and the capsule will be repressurised.